The Russian Revolution (1917-1918): Quiz | SparkNotes Twenty-four years later, he seemed just as bewildered as a group of armed thugs, members of the Bolshevik secret police, moved in to assassinate him. There were also knock-on improvements in industrial production and the wages of industrial workers, which doubled between 1921 and 1924. 125 0 obj However, peasants were already engaged in activity that resembled a commune called the . The peasants uprising was connected to the 1905 Revolution and the October Manifesto, as the country was gripped by a revolutionary and rebellious atmosphere following Tsar Nicholas II reactionary policies. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Could their grievances, so long ignored, be addressed in this new situation? Russian Revolution Causes what were the causes of the russian revolution? The peasants, being class divided among themselves, could only prompt a new dynasty (as in China), or a new urban petty-bourgeois layer into power. With some exceptions, neither of these calls were being heeded. why were the peasants unhappy during the russian revolution? Throughout the conflict, Russia was perceived as arrogant and ignorant of the vast military strength and technological advancements of the supposed 'infidels' as referred to by Tsar Nicholas II. However, with the SRs out of the government, their influence over the peasants declined. In the Menshevik/SR/Stalinist world view, the bourgeois revolution had to come first, while the working class waited for the bourgeoisie to complete a revolution (which it was incapable of completing). 0000002447 00000 n . After several months of chaos, Czar Nicholas II tried to end the revolution by announcing the "October Manifesto," in which Nicholas made major concessions. At the peasants congress in May, at which Lenin spoke, the SRs promoted and passed an extremely radical resolution, calling for: Conversion of all land into national property for equal working use, without any indemnity. But they didnt mean that the peasants should act on their own! And that alliance, while it would expect the workers to take the lead in making their own revolution, and establishing a workers state, would not depend on the workers substituting themselves for peasant action. A historians view: This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Now Streaming. However, this little misunderstanding between the fictitious socialism of the Narodniks and the agrarian democratism of the muzhiks would come out in the open only in the future.[5]. Just barely out of feudalism, the peasant majority in Russia, oppressed by the landlords and hungry for land, had to go through the stage of making the bourgeois revolution on the land, which they could only do with the alliance, and leadership, of the urban proletariat. But without this Land Decree, solidifying the removal of the landlords, the Bolsheviks would have lost the civil war. The Peasant Uprising in the Russian Revolution of 1917 The workers immediately formed soviets again as in 1905, and peasants began to take action against the landlords, slowly at first, but soon ramping up. When Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War in the 1850s, at the hands of the decrepit Ottoman Empire and its British and French allies, Russian rulers began to think about modernization. 132 0 obj Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. 122 0 obj H|Mo@9b)JQq"U2 When in February of 1917in the midst of the devastation of World War I urban workers and soldiers rose up and toppled the fragile Tsarist autocracy in a matter of days, peasants immediately took notice. 6- Romanovs were hated because of Rasputin. This was the situation at the time of the Bolshevik conquest of power on October 25th: the peasant masses, in opposition to their own SR leadership, and under the influence of revolutionary workers and Bolsheviks, were seizing the land. Avg peasant had a pair of bullocks and 2 ploughs; most even less. H0@+V\cFj;f`P5 @,L@Ty[& 0,Bgc=g The Russian Peasant in Pre-Revolutionary Times Essay 0000033490 00000 n The overwhelming majority of its populace were peasants. 133 0 obj Lenin explained this in a speech to a peasant congress of the Poor Peasants Committees and Communes, in December of 1918: At first there was the general drive of the peasants against the landowners This was followed by a struggle among the peasants themselves, among whom new capitalists arose in the shape of the kulaks, the exploiters and profiteers who used their surplus grain to enrich themselves at the expense of the starving non-agricultural parts of Russia. Lenin emphasized that now, our common task and our common aim is the transition to socialist farming, to collective land tenure and collective farming. This was to be done gradually, using persuasion and transitional methods, and involving middle peasants as well as poor.[10]. 121 0 obj This conclave, though composed primarily of representatives of the upper layers of the peasantry, provided an opportunity to assess the peasant state of mind. Visited: 2023-03-04 The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Delegates came from the zemstvos, or elected local assemblies, established by Tsar Alexander II in 1864, which were dominated by village shop keepers, as well as the co-ops of the more well-off peasants; and a few from the village mir. URL: http://bolshevik.org/statements/kinder_20180314_peasants_1917.html, Russia 1917: How the Revolution We Need Today Prevailed Then, Nationalism or Internationalism? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Family, Home, and Social Sciences)/Rect[371.4712 612.5547 540.0 625.4453]/StructParent 5/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The Provisional Government - History Learning Site This allowed the Bolsheviks to overrun Petrograd and take control of the government, leading to major changes in the outcome of the Revolution. Most importantly, the availability of food in the cities was restored. They began trespassing on the land of the gentry, chopping down trees and harvesting their hay. 0000004468 00000 n Bloody Sunday: Prelude to the Russian Revolution of 1917 - ThoughtCo Whatever his justifications, the NEP did seem like a concession that earlier policies had failed. An unpopular war reversed the economic boom that had . Why were many Russians unhappy with Tsar Nicholas Il? He became one of Vladimir Lenin's closest associates and was appointed as a Political Commissar to ensure loyalty to the . The action in the countryside soon became a stampede, with kulaks in the lead, with poor peasants drawn in on the general assault on the big landlords. The Bolshevik position, in distinction from the Mensheviks, had always been that the working class alone was capable of making the democratic revolution. As the Twentieth Century dawned however, the Russian autocracy failed another big test on the international stage. Tw}SA32g` =b The other half of all arable landand often the worst landwas in the hands of some 10 million peasant families, mostly in the communes, or small ownership plots. This only increased opposition to the Bolshevik regime which, in turn, increased the risk of rebellion or counter-revolution. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. This made the colonist unhappy with the taxes because they rarely had money. The February/March Revolution 6. Here we have the background to uneven and combined development: an ancient but still dominant feudal aristocracy was becoming more intertwined with a nascent capitalism. The material has been carefully compared Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Michael McConnell, Steve Thompson It played an important role in convincing Governor of Saratov, Stolypin, that a land reform was necessary.[3]. own country operates. How Envy Causes Racial Conflict - The Unz Review The NEP was controversial within the Bolshevik party, where some saw it as a backdown or retreat from socialism. Its distribution among the peasants shall be in [the] charge of the local and self-government bodies, from democratically organized village and city communes, in which there are no distinctions of social rank, to central regional government bodies.[9]. 4- Difficult lives of peasants, little food, hard work for noble men. World War 1 set up and helped create a peasant body that could play a role in the Russian Revolution by allowing peasants to join the army and learn what it was like to be treated as an individual . Their line was based on the fact that they were in alliance with the Provisional Government, of which they would soon be a part (their representative Alexander Kerensky became Minister of War, and then Minister Chairman). We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. HtT]o0}a? For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. 140 0 obj objectives: describe the causes of the russian revolution introduction directions: [3] Once landowners had been driven out, the peasants returned to their communes, refusing to pay tax or obey government law, as well as driving out local officials and conservative priests. It ended grain requisitioning, replacing it with a fixed tax to be paid in kind, and allowed private ownership of small businesses, the return of markets and the sale of surplus goods. Serfdom in Russia was slave-like feudalismpeasants were not allowed to leave the land they were born on. This capitalistic profiteering was strictly forbidden before 1921. Poor peasants resentment of landlords began to extend to rich peasants as well, and objection to land sales mounted.[3]. But the devil was in the details, and the problems were many. Over three-quarters of the Russian population were unhappy with their position in the Empire. The redemption payments demanded of the peasants were to be the source of financing of bonds issued to the landlords by the state, so that the loss of ownership of the land could be turned into capital. Forced requisitioning of grain became essential. endobj 0000005993 00000 n endstream Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Milestones in women's history from the year you were born The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor in the February Revolutions of 1917. Russian Revolution Causes - What were the causes of the Russian
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